- OOAD with UML | Programing Reference For .Net,Java,C

OOAD with UML

1.1 software development of the complexity of software development is the complexity of the software design and development of the experience. Specifically:
? Difficult to accurately reflects user needs
? Development process of constantly changing user requirements
? User needs often in the form of a large number of text shown, and difficult conflict
? Difficult to detect large-scale application projects under cover of the complexity of
? Humanity itself dealing with the limited capacity of the complex phenomenon
? Difficult to forecast the performance of the final output and will meet the expectations of users
? Designers were the biggest challenges for the hardware solution selection of suitable software in addition to overcome these complex issues, the software system should have the greatest compatibility and scalability.
? Successful development of the software regardless of demand from the users point of view, or from a technical point of view should be able to withstand the changes in the environment, called software compatibility. For example: a bank for the development of the software can not be amended or modified slightly by the banks for another use.
? Scalability refers to software customization and design began, stressed that the existing system does not do so under the premise of major changes, the software can easily develop continuously.
1.2 software life cycle software life cycle (SDLC) refers to analysts, designers and users to develop information systems and the realization of a series of acts carried out by, can be divided into several different stages.
? Analysis to study the needs of customers and users, and defined problem domain. To determine how to use the staff and management methods and computer technology in order to achieve commercial development, and the system demands.
? Designers, from the structure of the database, interface, form design and reporting system. Identify development system for hardware and software configurations.
? User system developed end-users.
1.3 SDLC phase of the development of the entire software life cycle can be broadly divided into seven phases, including:
1.3.1 preliminary investigation (feasibility study)
Initial investigations system is the first phase of development. The main purpose of this stage is to identify users now working environment and inadequate demand. The phase of the survey results is an important development of the system is feasible. Feasibility of the following factors:
? Development organization itself can provide the necessary technical resources or technology, or user needs can be met through the market.
? System in the economic and financial viability.
? Once installed software, the user may have the efficiency of the software.
Initial investigations resulted in the document known as the feasibility study report. According to the feasibility studies,
Users said that the proposed project is finally accepted. If the user acceptance, the project will be able to carry out needs analysis phase.
1.3.2 Requirements Analysis demand analysis of the current business systems, including a detailed analysis of its work to modify the status quo and the Department. In addition, it also includes operation of the system and its various internal and external systems for the detailed analysis of the link. Needs analysis phase of the entire staff and close cooperation between users. So the demand is a new system features.
Demand for the detailed analysis of the final document known as the demand for brochures.
1.3.3 after the completion of system design analysis, user needs become very clear. The next phase is to address the specific requirements of the new design. Demand requirements specification design stage has been confirmed in a concrete realization of the needs of ways.
The main design stage operation:
? Format of the data items and data elements
? Identify new system should output of the report and results
? Rough portrayed system should be completed stage show format and layout. Can be automated through the use of any kind of system design tools to complete on paper or on a computer screen is displayed.
? Set of data elements to create databases and tables.
? Computer processing, data input from the description of the output to be the outcome of the entire process.
The final design stage as a detailed design specification documents. System design details submitted to the programmers to do commercial software development.
1.3.4 software builds the substantive stage of the project to complete construction of (programming). Procedures for the use of test data individually or virtual test. At the same time programmers should also prepare description of the procedures, and interpretation of each corresponding to the specific operating procedures of the programming methods and causes. Construction of the main stage of the software operation:
Construction of the real software code unit testing: short UT, is building its own system programmers conducting a test.
In this to be done before a unit test plans, which should include testing the code is expected to produce results.
According to the nature of testing, the system developed by terminology called white box testing.
Independent unit testing: In this operation, a group of the programming has nothing to do with the staff rather than programmers do their own testing. In accordance with programmers testing in the last operation in the unit testing plan.
1.3.5 system testing procedures for each unit completed separate tests, the need to test system as a whole.
In the overall system testing stage, all software modules integrated as a whole and tested to ensure the successful implementation. System requirements demand corresponding to the detailed specification of the corresponding demand for the implementation of the function, and users have the desired results. Special test data will be input into the system, processing the results of the expected results and whether there are deviations.
1.3.6 installation of the opening stage of the development of the system is installed at the end user premises use. In the use of the system before, and the need for the following actions:
? Training users to use a systems approach
? System builders to provide the necessary data files
1.3.7 maintenance due to the changing environment, the software will be outdated and need to revise and enhance improve efficiency.
System maintenance operations based on the size of revision and enhancement of different changes.
1.4 typical SDLC process for calculating the distribution of the workload at different stages of the SDLC workload several different schools of thought and argument. However, in typical SDLC, the final stage close to the following distribution of the workload ratio.
Analysis and Design: 40%
Development: 40%
Test: 20%
1.5 Analysis System refers to the system through a comprehensive study and accurate understanding of system requirements. The stage to accurately grasp the system needs to be implemented to correct definition domain. Identified in the analysis phase of software development specific content.
Fully correct understanding of the issues to be addressed later, to be able to enter the next phase - the design stage.
So far, the most important work of the programming stage is accurate understanding system. This phase completed by the systems analysts.
Any problems in understanding the process should be asked to "do what is the content?." Analysis, in order to answer this question and a series of work to do.
SDLC is an important stage of analysis is the basis of all development. However, the analysis phase of what is the outcome? That is the end stage of what is the criterion? (End standards (Exit Criteria)
Understandable to achieve the target)
1.6 Analysis phase of the analysis should be the end goal:
? Determine the contents to be done
? To do research, to identify all the elements involved.
? From the real world point of view, to solve the problem for the current corresponding model.
? Definition of the issues will be submitted to experts in the field of
1.6.1 experts in the field of ideal circumstances, any development work should seek the support of experts in the field. Experts in the field application of a coherent analysis relatively easy to solve the problem, experts in the field application is not necessary to a certain programmers, and their task is to ensure that programmers can fully understand the needs of users of the system.
Therefore, in the analysis phase is completed, the need to address the issue on the application should be able to meet experts and users to understand.
Fan-1.7 Construction (Architecture paradigms)
At present in the field of computer science has three recognized software development paradigm. These include:
? Process-oriented: the computer is used in the initial approach to solve the problem, this traditional design method based on functional decomposition. For example, always exercise caution process can be divided into the following steps: from now slip filled out, to the cashier, a teller verified signatures, if the signature, a teller of the necessary tests to be done, such as whether the account balance, etc. ?
More popular object-oriented development language COBOL, C and Basic.
? Object-oriented: object-oriented paradigm is the main ideas in the real world problem domain object mapping for the composition of elements, then use a computer to solve the problem domain issues. OO approach is the so-called today's world of computer solutions provide the best way to the need to address the problem is broken down into a number of real-world maps derived from the object. For example, the withdrawal of the above-mentioned examples, can also process-oriented approach to dealing with the object-oriented method, we can see accounts, tellers, customers, as well as other elements of the real world object was confirmed on January 1, the Solutions will focus on these real-world entity to start.
Fan type of object-oriented languages: Simula, SmaIITalk, C + +, Java
Etc..
? Knowledge and neural network: the past century and a half, people have been trying to be as human as the computer thinking, which is artificial intelligence (AI). Fan collection of this type deal with the real world problem of human methods, and use computer simulation to achieve human thinking process data, and draw conclusions. Fan achieve this type of language in RETE + + and CLPS.
SDLC can be applied to all stages of the three above-norm, but as the technology development, object-oriented paradigm quickly displayed significantly better than process-oriented paradigm trend.
Knowledge and neural network is still in the experimental stage, is not suitable for commercial applications, and technological fields.
Therefore, it is obvious the current industrial development should focus on the object-oriented paradigm.
1.8 object-oriented paradigm from the point of view of the various stages of decision SDLC software development paradigm used, the need to consider how to achieve the focus of the Fan
SDLC various stages of the development of software design and implementation. However, in some unavoidable circumstances,
There can be exceptions, such as certain system module with the old process-oriented systems interface.
1.8.1 Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA)
Definition: Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA) is understandable for users to establish a precise and concise model of the mapping process, the object model of the real world entities and the establishment of precise and concise concept mapping.
In OOA, Construction and the real world requirements relative to the issue of the prototype model. In addition,
Non-programming personnel system should also be able to understand the definition. In other words, object-oriented emphasis on the analysis of the real world from the perspective of the prototype formulation problems.
OOAD methods in the design requirements of the real world, we should mapping specified in the problem domain objects and entities, such as: customers, sales of motor vehicles and personnel. This requires design as close as possible to the real world, that is the most natural form that entity. Therefore, the advantages of object-oriented technology which is able to build the real world relative to the issue of model, and maintain their structure and behavior style.
For example, in automotive transactions model, analysts need to be determined following entities:
Customers and salesmen, orders, auto analysts to determine the characteristics of the relationship between entities, interaction and mutual relations.
In many cases, the need for real-world objects and behavior constructed in a computer operating system implementation. For example, in the car below the amount needed for the operating system. System problem to be solved? First of all transactions should be considered with the corresponding process and the different operations.
? Salesman lead customers visited showrooms
? Customers select a car
? Customer orders
? Customers car payments
? Cars on consignment to customers another example of the savings bank, analysts entities should be defined as:
? Account type: ATM, deposits, liquidity and fixed funds.
Banking customers, tellers
? Department of the computer analysis can determine the correlation between physical characteristics of interaction and mutual relations.
? New customers open a savings account
? From regular accounts to cash accounts to money
? Savings accounts will be transferred to cash ATM account the real world and the establishment of this computer mapping between object-oriented analysis method is the analysis of the greatest advantage.
1.8.2 object-oriented design (OOD)
Definition: Object-Oriented Design (OOD) procedures have been organized into the subject of the interaction process entity sets, each of the target entity on behalf of an example, and all of a class hierarchy are the members of all members through inheritance relations with the organization.
Object-oriented design to enable the main purpose of the analysis phase of the result in non-functional requirements (non-functional requirements), the realization of the environment (implementation
Environment), such as performance requirements of the mandatory constraints on the system, to molding. OOD can be seen as Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA) refinement.
It focuses on ensuring that all needs are met circumstances optimization solution.
OOD stage in the design staff to one or several categories defined responsibilities, attributes and operations of mutual relations, and these classes adjustment to the development environment. At the same time, database design and application of technology standardization.
At the end of the OOD, and should be some plans. These plans can be divided into static and dynamic two. Static charts of classes and objects, and dynamic charts the relationship between the expression of class and determine their accurate operation. In the follow-up stage in the development of these types can be embedded into a smaller package,
Or the application of the modules.
1.8.3 object-oriented programming (OOP)
Construction of phase SDLC through object-oriented programming (OOP) to achieve. In other words,
Object-oriented programming is a kind of support to the use of object-oriented methods of the object-oriented language design process. Above two stages provides a common framework for object-oriented programming. Support the OOP language C + +, VB and Java. The outcome of this stage is a series of executable code, through a variety of tests can be released.
1.9 the use of the object-oriented paradigm use of the advantages of object-oriented paradigm of advantages:
? Object-oriented method from the application field of terminology and concepts perspective of the analysis, design and implementation, content and the implementation of practical issues between the close ties. For example: in the case of car dealers, systems analysis, design even in the various stages of implementing the customers have, such as marketing staff participation.
? Achieve in the new application process, the object-oriented approach can provide object reuse. This reduced the cost of long-term development of very important significance. For example, a customer of a particular operation Behavioral Modeling, any customer of such acts can use the model has been created.
? Since they can reuse object, can be wrong and maintain the problems can be greatly reduced.
This is because the object has been completed and test pilot.
? Object reuse software to reduce design and development time.
? Because object-oriented methods and human thinking the same way, so will help ensure that the work of human cognitive abilities.
? Object-oriented method using data package, and data related to solve some of the development and maintenance issues. Data encapsulation technology, allowing only function calls through data processing from data collection to ensure operational impact of the error code, so as to ensure the validity of data.
? Object-oriented analysis and design help to address the complexity of the software development and help generate a good adaptability and flexibility of the software system.
1.10 software model re-analysis stage of the end of standards, we reaffirm our will to build to achieve the integrity of the system model. The model must have practical significance, and for users to understand.
Model used to determine the actual user of the system needs help determine the feasibility.
For a long time, the model works in all disciplines of the importance is obvious.
Built any entity must draw sketches pleadings and functional description of the process. For example, which is drawing some entity model. The entity model is a description of the respective entities in different stages, such as: the design stage, the build phase, or merely a preliminary design only. Designers must create model to describe the design of the various parts. Model further divided into different view. Each view that the design of the system or to create a specific area. Model divided into several different stages,
Each stage of accession to the corresponding details.
Model often used visual language description, which means frequently used graphic symbols statements. Graphic symbols have to understand simple, comprehensive and strong character. As in other works in the field, the concrete realization of the software prior to the establishment of model has become necessary steps.
Model is to simplify the real world. In order to establish model is to develop a better understanding of the system. It helps complete understanding of complex systems. System Modeling contribute to the achievement of the following purposes:
? Modeling helped by the system itself or on demand on the system visualization.
? Modeling system to determine the structure and behaviour.
? Modeling for system developers building template.
? Modeling record developers to use by the latter part of the decision-making.
1.11 evolution model (Model wars)
In the early 1980s, the only object-oriented language Simula, to the late 1980s,
Smalltalk, and C + + object-oriented language, and other progressive realization, accompanied by the Health and object-oriented systems and software modeling needs. Following in the early 1990s for the popular modeling language.
Grady Booch the Booch model
James Rambaugh of object-oriented technology, OMT
Ivar Jacobson method of OOSE
Hewlett-Packard's Fusion Method
Coad and Yordon the OOA and OOD
Each method has its own unique management methods, processes and tools, has its strengths and weaknesses, so it is difficult to assess what a suitable. Experienced developers often start using a method developed in the process of continuing to draw on the advantages of other methods. In fact, the differences between the different methods is not important, because with the passage of time in the progressive development of these methods to the same direction. The current model of experts has decided to set the technical merits of these models.
1.12 UML born people increasingly found very necessary to establish Construction of the common object model and standard methods. Requirements and the definition of a standard icon to a clear expression of design decisions. To this end, James Rumbaugh, Grady Booch and Ivar Jacobson done pioneering efforts, and provides a set of graphics, charts that law.
The resulting unified modeling language is a UML.
UML is a modeling language, object-oriented method is used to design graphical presentation system that, which is used to visual expression, narrative, complex software construction and record different aspects of the language.
UML used to create users. Analysts, designers and software developers easy dialogue between.
UML participation and commitment to the current development of the company are:
? Hewlett-Packard
? Microsoft
? Oracle
? IBM
? Unisys
UML is the common participation in the computer industry results, it is object-oriented development set the standard.
From the participating companies can be seen, all of the software and hardware industry giant in the development of this standard and work. The standards are gradually forming, but also need continuous efforts. In large and complex systems modeling in the process has been a success. OOAD and a quote
In the field of UML Introduction
"Good (standard) method can be expressed by reducing unnecessary mental work, and focus on more senior or more creative issues. (By relieving the brain of
Unnecessary work, a good (standard) notation sets it free to
Concentrate on more advanced and creative problems.) "
1.12.1 in the object-oriented paradigm in the use of UML
UML used for many different system modeling. In the development of software can be used at different stages
UML, from the stage to demand that the software implementation and maintenance stages. UML that is the ultimate goal of object-oriented plans can use any type of system description. Software developers have the following types:
Information System: database-related technology systems: the management and control of embedded systems technology and equipment: control, such as mobile phones, household appliances and other equipment distribution system: the use of CORBA or other similar mechanism of Distributed Object-Oriented Database Systems Software: operating system and development system for drivers of commercial systems: workflow associated with the system
1.12.2 UML and SDLC correspondence between the various stages of review SDLC cycle, the system can be seen UML development of the different stages of the application.
Initial investigations: UML use cases described by the needs of customers. Each case of the use of documents with a detailed description of the specific needs of users. UML use case description of the use of the system of mutual relations and communications.
Analysis of stages: at this stage, the main problem domain to the abstract and understand its internal operation mechanism. Class of real-world objects, and describe their existence and mutual relations.
Analysis of the process of considering only the existence of the problem domain.
The design stage: at the design stage, the results of the analysis phase of the proposed technical solutions. Refinement of the type carried out modeling, and make technical frameworks, such as, user interface, object-oriented database system and the permanent object interface. The final stage of the implementation phase for the system generated detailed documentation.
Development: The stage of the design model into a real code. Programmers use in the design of the different stages of production plans UML understanding and development code.
Test: UML There are many different plans can be used for software testing, unit testing and the use of graphs of the definition file. Integration testing the use of collaboration diagrams, and system testing with the use of maps, with cases confirmed plans can be used by customers of the system behavior expectations.
1.13 UML outlines the UML is the main outlines. UML briefed the different components of on its scope and structure.
Overall, the different components of a UML
? View (Views)
? Map (diagrams)
? Model elements (Model elements)
? Common mechanisms (general Mechanisms).
1.13.1 UML view "To view" means "observation" and "checks." Different people, such as users, systems developers, neutral observers from the point of view of different systems. For example: users from input to output data to the process of observing systems;
System developers from the system structure and data flow point of view of their systems. Neutral commentators is not the system users and system development has nothing to do, so it is no focus on observation system.
System developers use UML plans to express his views on the part of the system. Software system can usually be described from many different angles, such as: functional, non-functional and organizations such as.
To describe the use of such information to be many views. Dynamic and static system has two aspects. Therefore,
There are two types of views: dynamic and static. When the static from the system point of view, the view as static view from the dynamic perspective, the view known as dynamic systems. Dynamic view of the chart describing the system behaviour.
1.13.2 If the UML map UML in order to understand the plan, we must first understand the concept of model in UML.
UML model will be defined as from the specific perspective of a comprehensive description of the system. Each model usually have several types of graphs. Map is part of a specific view, and then draw on a classified map.
According to some charts with different contents can view several different components. UML in the plan view can be seen as the two series. The above-mentioned view can be divided into two categories: active and passive. Therefore, in any category can chart a view.