IP protocol
(Internet Protocol)
IP protocol
1. Introduced
1.1. Cause
IP protocol for multiple packet-switched network link, which the source address and destination address before transmission of a data call on things, it provides data on the size of reassembly functions to adapt to the different networks packet size requirements.
1.2. Scope
IP is the responsibility of the transmission of data from source to destination. It is not responsible for ensuring transmission reliability, flow control, sequencing and other packages for the host to the host agreement is very general services.
1.3. Interface
This agreement from the host to the host agreement calls, and this agreement is responsible for calling local network protocol data transmission at the following purpose of a gateway or host. For example, TCP IP protocol can be called in when the call transmission purposes address as a parameter and the source address, IP data reported and call a local network (agreement) interface to transmit data.
1.4. Operation
IP achieve two basic functions: addressing and sub. According to IP data can be included in the newspaper the first to address the purpose of the data was transmitted to the purpose of address, in the course of IP responsible for the selection of the transmission path, such as choice of the road routing capabilities. If some network can transmit data at small, IP data can be reassembled and reported in a newspaper within the first annotated. IP modules include these basic functions of these modules exist in each host in the network and gateway, and these modules (particularly in the gateway) routing and other services. On the IP, the data reported no link between the IP connection or say anything bad LLC.
The use of IP technology to provide four key services: the types of service, and the survival time, options and was the first check codes. Type of service means that the quality of service received. Type of service is a parameter set, this parameter is to provide Internet services representatives. This type of service from the gateway for use in a particular network, or for the next one to go through the network, or to a report of this data routing gateway to the actual choice of the transmission parameters. Survival time reported data can survive the time limit. It set up by the sender, after routing from the local processing. If you do not arrive survival time zero, discard the data reported. Options for the control function is important, but often it does not, the communication need for its existence. Options include timestamp, security and special routing. Header validation code guarantee that the correct data transmission. If the calibration errors, discards the data reported.
IP does not provide reliable transmission services, it does not provide end-to-end or (routing) to the node (Routing) node confirmation of the data is not error control, it is only the first reported use of the validation code, it does not provide - , and flow control. If errors can be reported through ICMP, ICMP achieved in the IP module.
2. Editions
2.1. Contact with other agreements
The chart below shows the IP protocol in the agreement system position.
There are two IP interface from top to bottom, with a host agreement with the mainframe interface, and the other is with the local network interface, the local network can be a small network can be large networks, perhaps the.
2.2. Mode of operation
The following examples, we can see what is the model operation. We assume that the transfer to go through intermediate gateway. Calling the process of local transmission of IP data transfer module, transmission purposes at the same time address, and other parameters as the call parameters. IP layer data reported for the first and the need to increase its transmission of data before. IP modules for the network address decide on a local network address, here is the gateway address. IP transmission of data to local and network address to the network interface. Local network interface to create a local network first reported on the increase in the data, and then sent to the local network.
First with the local network at the gateway to the data, local network interfaces remove the head, the results will be transmitted to the (gateway) IP module. The IP module main purpose of the decision of the local network address, and then, as noted above, data transfer process to report local network interface. This local network interface to create a local network first reported increases in the data, the data was transmitted to the purpose mainframe. On the mainframe in purpose, the local network interface removed from the data reported on the local network first, the results will be handed over to IP module. IP module decision data should be reported data on which an application to the transmission system will be issued system calls, IP module to return to the source address, and other parameters.
2.3. Functional description
IP is the function of the data reported in the interconnected transmission network, through a data reported in the inter-carrier IP module to module until the purpose of achieving its goals. Each mainframe and the network are IP gateway modules. Data reported in a module of routing through the network aims to address transmission address. The network addresses the importance of the IP protocol. As mentioned above, because of all reported data on the network size might be different, it is necessary to carry out the sub-reported data.
Name, address and routing is different, we find the name, address, pointed out that the name in any place, routing how to solve the problems there. IP addresses mainly deal with the problem. The name and address of a mapping from the top of the work completed agreement. IP addresses, and the module will be local network address mapping, and local network address and routing map is a low-level agreement mandates.
The address is 32 long, and by the network of a local address of two parts. There are three types of addresses: the highest category A for 0, the network said that after seven of the other 24 that the local address; category B for the two previous 10, said that after 14 network address, said that 16 other local address; C category three for 110 after 21 of the network, the other eight representatives of a local address.
In the local network address and network address for mapping, it should be noted that some may use several different host IP address (we can understand the local network address for the MAC address). We must be able to deal with a host dealing with a number of ports, and each port has several logical IP addresses.
For different networks, which transmit the packet size may not be the same, a large packet of small functions is essential. Reported data can also be marked as "non-words", if a data reported to be marked, then in any case it is allowed to subparagraph. If not to subparagraph not the destination, the packets in the way it abandoned. In the local network within the new sections and the reorganization of the IP module is not visible, this method can also be used.
Local network sections and the reorganization of the reorganization of the paragraphs marked receive the use of these marks to distinguish between different paragraphs to. Offset domain of the recipient should be told on what this section, and more indicative of the final paragraph markers using different domain can be completely restructuring an end. Victoria is the only marker for marking data reported, it is sent to the original settings, but also to ensure that the data reported in the transmission network in the whole process in which only. The initial sender of the markers to more than zero, zero offset settings.
We assume that the IP module to a large data reported in two small, IP modules first obtain data on the first, then two separate data will be reported to the first increase in the two data. Separate data byte to eight units, and the second is not necessarily eight bytes, but the first one that must be yes. We in the first eight bytes of the block called (NFB). The first generation of new data is generated at the first paragraph of the data set of more than a marker for the new generation of the second generation data reported in the second paragraph of the data, and more of the markers of the original data on the value of the partial shift equivalent to the original data reported in the value of the NFB. The process can be extended to N 2 from the situation.
Of the requirements of the reorganization of the following four jurisdictions that have the same value: marking, source address, destination address and agreements. Different data will be reported in accordance with their own band offset regrouping for a new paragraph, the first paragraph offset 0, the last paragraph of the multi-marker 0.
2.4. Gateway
Gateway in the transmission of data between different networks reported that the gateway has also realized gateway-to-gateway protocol (GGP), which is used to send other routing and control information. Gateway's high-level agreements do not have realized, GGP function in the IP module can be realized.
3. Note
3.1. Baotou Internet format
Baotou format are as follows:
This domain marked Baotou format. We now state that the IP version 4.
Internet Baotou length is 32 units marked for the length of Baotou, it at the beginning of location data, the domain of legal values for the minimum 5.
It is some indication of the quality of service parameters, these parameters used in a particular network instructed the services they need. Some networks will provide priority service. Choice is the basic principle of the balance of the following three: low-latency, high reliability and high throughput.
? 0-2: Priority
? 3: 0 = = usually a low latency delay
4: 0 = 1 = throughput usually high throughput
? 5: 0 = 1 = reliability usually high reliability
? 6-7: reservations
Priority level as follows:
? 111 - Network Control
? 110 - Internetwork Control
? 101 - CRITIC / ECP
? 100 - Flash Override
? 011 - Flash
? 010 - Immediate
? 001 - Priority
? 000 - Routine
If you use a delay (D), throughput (T) and reliability (R) Options can increase the quality of service. This because of the various networks differ by no commonality. Apart from exceptional circumstances, set up two parameters enough. Type of service is used to indicate how to deal with the network to transmit data. Network Control is the original priority for a network, and the practical application of it in each of the network. Internet control is used to control the gateway. If only in a network to achieve these parameters, which must be in their own networks within the scope of the control of their visit.
Refers to the total length of the length of the data reported by the byte of, including data and header. Allow data to the size of 64 K. So much data on the mainframe and on most networks is not applicable. However, all host must be able to receive more than 576 bytes of data reported, whether they are together or to subparagraph. If you know the other host to be able to receive more than 576 bytes of data reported that the best time not to send in less than 576 bytes sent the data reported. Select 576 = 576 is because 512 (data) +64 (header). The longest was the first not more than 60 bytes, usually 20 bytes.
Marker was sent to help sub-restructuring package.
? 0: reservations must be 0
? 1: (DF) can be sub = 0, 1 = not subparagraph
? Bit 2: (MF) 0 = the last paragraph, paragraph 1 = there are more than
0
1
2
0
DF
MF
This domain instructions in this paragraph should be in the data reported in what position, it has 64 units, the first paragraph of the zero offset.
This Domain Data System reported in the survival of the largest Internet time. If the domain of the value is zero, this data was discarded. In dealing with the first reported at the same time dealing with this domain. Time to seconds, but each unit will have at least one by TTL, even if time is less than one second.
The instructions for data on domain part of the data under a deal.
Check Code only in the head, it will be the first domain in dealing with the changing, often the first change. This relatively easy calculation method validation experiments prove that it is applicable, but it may in the future be replaced by CRC checking process.
Data can be reported in the options can not, but there must be IP blocks the function of processing options. In some cases, security options are necessary. Indefinite its length, may not also be a number. There are two options format:
? A single byte type options;
? An option type B, a length byte options and practical options data byte. .
1) Options are options length type, length itself and the length of the data. Options types can be seen as a three domains:
? A copy marker
? Two options category
? Five options,
Copy marker refers to this option is to exist in sub-paragraph all.
? 0 = Not Copy
? 1 = Copy
Options category are:
? Control = 0
? 1 = reservations
? 2 = scheduling and measurement
? Reservations 3 =
Below are the specific options:
CLASS
NUMBER
LENGTH
DESCRIPTION
0
0
–
Options Table end. Only one byte, not the length byte
0
1
–
No operation. Only one byte, not the length byte
0
2
11
Security for the transmission of security, Compartmentation, user group (TCC) and DOD rules dealing with restrictions on code-compatible
0
3
Variable Length
- Source Routing address, the use of the information provided by the source address routing
0
9
Variable Length
Bear the source address routing, the use of the information provided by the source address routing
0
7
Variable Length
Records routing, tracking data was used for routing
0
8
4
Flow ID, for the transmission of streaming marker
2
4
Variable Length
Internet timestamp
2) definition of specific options
? End of the menu bar
+———-+
| 00000000 |
+———-+
Type = 0
This option instructed the end of the menu bar, and it does not necessarily point at the end of the first line, which are used to indicate the end of the menu bar is not the end of each option only when the menu bar at the end of the first end position and the use of inconsistent positions . It can be copied, or the introduction of subparagraph deleted.
? No operation
+———-+
| 00000001 |
+———-+
Type = 1
This option can be used options, it can be copied, or the introduction of subparagraph deleted.
3) Safety
This option provides a host sent security, compartmentation, TCC deal with constraints and parameters. This option is the format are as follows:
Type = 130 length = 11
? Safety (S-domain): 16
Security is divided into 16, eight reservations.
? 00000000 00000000 - not classified
? 11110001 00110101 - secrets
? 01111000 10011010 - EFTO
? 10111100 01001101 - MMMM
? 01011110 00100110 - PROG
? 10101111 00010011 - restrictions
? 11010111 10001000 - secret
? 01101011 11000101 - absolutely confidential
? 00110101 11100010 - reservations
? 10011010 11110001 - reservations
? 01001101 01111000 - reservations
? 00100100 10111101 - reservations
? 00010011 01011110 - reservations
? 10001001 10101111 - reservations
? 11000100 11010110 - reservations
? 11100010 01101011 - reservations
? Compartments (domain C): 16
0 behalf of the entire transmission of the information right from wrong compartment.
? Processing limitations (H domain): 16
And version control value is marked by the combination of letters and numbers, please refer to specify other information.
? Transmission Control Code (TCC domain): 24
Provide flow control methods. TCC value of the three letters of the word. In subparagraph must replicate it.
4) addresses and records of the source-routing
+———-+——–+——–+————//—— — +
| 10000011 | length | pointer | route data |
+———-+——–+——–+———//——— — +
Type = 131
- Source Routing addresses and records (LSRR) from the source address can provide routing information, routing information and records. This option to type code options start. The second is the length of options, the third is a pointer in a routing data to be dealt with the source address, the minimum 4. Routing data is composed of a series of addresses, each address is 32. If the pointer more than length, source routing is empty (recorded for routing), according to the purpose of routing address domain.
If the aim address has been achieved and not greater than the length of the guide, source routing in the next address of the domain address instead of the purpose addresses, routing address records at the same time instead of using the source address, the pointer plus 4. That the record of the replacement source routing means that the process of routing options (IP header together as a whole) in the network reported data processed to maintain a fixed length. It called source-routing address is the gateway or host IP routing to the next in an address at the gateway can be used over the middle. It must be reproduced in subparagraph.
5) bear the source address and routing records
+———-+——–+——–+———//——–+
| 10001001 | length | pointer | route data |
+———-+——–+——–+———//——–+
Type = 137
Tight source routing addresses and records (SSRR) option from the source address can provide routing information, routing information and records. This option to type code options start. The second is the length of options, the third is a pointer in a routing data to be dealt with the source address, the minimum 4. Routing data is composed of a series of addresses, each address is 32. If the pointer more than length, source routing is empty (recorded for routing), according to the purpose of routing address domain.
If the aim address has been achieved and not greater than the length of the guide, source routing in the next address of the domain address instead of the purpose addresses, routing address records at the same time instead of using the source address, the pointer plus 4. That the record of the replacement source routing means that the process of routing options (IP header together as a whole) in the network reported data processed to maintain a fixed length. Call it tight because of the source address routing gateway or host IP routing to the next in an address when not to use intermediate gateway. It must be reproduced in subparagraph.
6) records routing
+——–+——–+——–+———//——–+
| 00000111 | length | pointer | route data |
+——–+——–+——–+———//——–+
Type = 7
This option provides data reported record routing method. This option to type code options start. The second is the length of options, the third is a pointer in a routing data to be dealt with the source address, the minimum 4. Routing is recorded by a series of IP addresses, each IP address is 32. If the pointer more than length, routing data field full record. Source host for this option must be allocated enough space. Space will not join the address after the increase. Initial content must be 0.
When the data processing throughout the IP module, which checks whether there is a record of routing options and, if so, it will own IP address Add to record routing address space, the pointer value plus 4. If the full address space, the modules will not join their own IP address, and if under the age of space, but not the entire address to the module would be wrong to think that the source data and discard it. The above two cases, ICMP parameters information will be sent to the news source console. In subparagraph not reproduce, and only exist in the first paragraph.
6) Flow marker
+——–+——–+——–+——–+
| 10001000 | 00000010 | flow ID |
+——–+——–+——–+——–+
Type = 136 length = 4
This option does not support providing a flow in the network transmission 16 SATNET flow marking method. Subparagraph shall reproduce.
1) Internet timestamp
01000100
Length
Guidelines
Oflw marker
IP address
Timestamp
……
Type = 68
Options in the Options length of the type, length, guidance and overflow / marking byte size. Options pointer from the beginning to the end of timestamps bytes plus one. The minimum is five. When indicators than full length timestamps domain. Overflow (oflw) (size 4) is the IP module, the module by default space can not be registered timestamps. The values were:
1) 0 - only timestamp, deposited in the continuous 32 characters;
2) 1 - before timestamps are registered each unit's IP address;
3) 3 - IP address domain is pre-specified, if the IP module under a specified address and the IP address of the same, registered their own timestamp.
UT timestamps from the midnight start time of milliseconds, if not to millisecond time, or is unable to provide a benchmark for UT midnight, then what can be inverted time, as long as the highest timestamp set to 1, that This is not a standard value on the trip. Source host for this option must be allocated enough space. Space will not join the address after the increase. Initial value must be zero or IP address / zero this dual right. If space is full, in the transmission of data throughout the module does not join the timestamp, but still count plus an overflow.
If the remaining space can not fully joined the timestamp, or overflow count overflow errors reported by the source data discarded. ICMP parameters information will be sent to the news source console. This option does not reproduce in subparagraph only in the first paragraph there.
Reported for the first domain filled guarantee is the first reported in multiples of 32. Filling is 0.
3.2. Discussion
Agreement must be achieved robust, and guarantee each other to achieve the realization of compatibility. Usually, one should be sent in achieving compliance with the relatively conservative strategy, receiver unnecessary, conservative. In other words, send a good package, will receive their own interpretation of the packet (also on some of the mistakes).
Interent service is the basic data-oriented newspaper, the gateway can provide data at the sub-purpose mainframe and the reorganization of services. Of course, in a network or in private due to compliance with the agreement in a network gateway between the sections and reorganization is possible, because this IP protocol and high-level agreement is transparent. This transparent as network-based sub-subparagraph not discussed here. IP address is a difference in the mainframe source address and destination address.
In order to be flexible on the size of the network control, providing IP addresses of several addresses, is a mainframe can accommodate more network capacity of the mainframe a few relatively small, we all heard what category A, B Class addresses, category C is to address different scale for the network. Below are some address format:
Highest
Format
Class
0
7 network used by 24 console
A
10
Network with 14, with 16 hosts
B
110
Network with 21, eight mainframe use
C
111
Address expansion mode
If a network domain zero means that the network, which means only to a specific ICMP messages; expansion address model undefined.
Designated by the local network must take into account local address a single console can be used as the use of different network hosts. In other words, we must address in the network host and network / host interface between the mapping, this interface allows several corresponding IP addresses an interface. At the same time should also take into account a host dealing with a number of interfaces for different reception from the information received from the same should be seen as an IP address.
Internet domain marker (ID) and the source address, purpose of domain addresses, and the agreement with data reported for confirmation subparagraph, and reorganization. If the data was not the final section, set up more of the markers (MF). Deviation of the domain marker position, it is not in relation to subparagraph terms of the reported data. Of the eight-byte units, such sub-sub-strategies that not all the data reported zero information subparagraph (MF = 0, offset = 0 paragraph). If a sub border must be in multiples of eight bytes. This format allows two of the 13-th (8192) of 8 bytes, the data at a maximum length of the field and length of just marked 64 K consistent data. In subparagraph, some options being copied, while others are not.
Each IP module must be able to transmit not subparagraph 68 bytes of data reported. This is because IP Baotou will reach 60 bytes, and the minimum length of the data 8,68 = 60 +8; but it must also be able to receive 576 bytes of data, the data is not whether this or sub-sub.
Will be affected sub-domain include:
1) Options domain;
2) Multiple marker;
3) Migration
4) the length of Baotou Internet domain
5) total length of domain
6) first-correcting code
If not set up sub-labeling (DF), will not be allowed to carry out sub-reported data even if there would be abandoned. If the receiver can not host a reorganization of the need for this position. Diskless in our guide, the need to set this one. Below through examples to illustrate this process. # Does not mean that these representatives, X to Y refers to include X, Y did not include all the data.
Next to a maximum data transmission network described as the largest transmission unit (MTU). If data on the length of less than or equal to MTU, the next step otherwise divided into two sections, the first is the size of MTU, and the second is the remaining length of the first paragraph will be transmitted, if the second is still more than MTU, Sub repeat the process, until they can be sent up. Below we give a definition:
? FO - deviation
? IHL - Internet Baotou length
— DF - not marked sub -
? MF - many of the markings
? TL - total length
? OFO - formerly of migration
? OIHL - the length of the original Internet Baotou
? OMF - many of the original markings
? OTL - total length of the original
? NFB - Paragraph
? MTU - Maximum Transmission Unit
Process:
IF TL <= MTU THEN this data was submitted to the next stages of processing
ELSE IF DF = 1 THEN discards data reported
ELSE have first paragraph:
(1) copy source internet Baotou;
(2) OIHL <- IHL; OTL <- TL; OFO <- FO; OMF <- MF;
(3) NFB <- (MTU-IHL * 4) / 8;
(4) Additional first NFB * 8 bytes of data;
(5) Correction Baotou: MF <- 1; TL <- (IHL * 4) + (NFB * 8); recalculated validation code;
(6) submission of data of the data reported to the next stage of processing;
A second paragraph:
(7) the selective reproduction of the first internet;
(8) Additional remaining data;
(9) Correction Baotou: IHL <- (((OIHL * 4) - (not copy length options)) + 3) / 4;
TL <- OTL - NFB * 8 - (OIHL-IHL) * 4);
FO <- OFO + NFB; MF <- OMF; recalculated check code;
(10) of this section to section; end.
In addition to the cases in the last paragraph, others have reached a paragraph MTU size, all kinds of different achieve, as long as they can be of less than or equal to the MTU on it.
For each data reported that the buffer zone is marked by the source address to address, and labeled domain agreement with recognition. If the data was not subparagraph, it does not need to restructure to deal with the next stage. Reorganization of the structure of the data needed: data buffer, the buffer zone Baotou, block-paragraph form, the length of domain and the data counter. According to the data of the offset and length of the corresponding location of the block in the corresponding standard forms the basis of the receiver of the block is set.
If it is the first paragraph (of the migration 0), will be kept in Baotou Baotou buffer; If it is the last paragraph of (multi-paragraph marked 0), the total length of the data. If the receiving end of the data reported to the next stages of processing; if not receive End, set up counters for the current counter value in the preservation of this section and the survival time in the comparison between one function to give up control of the reorganization. If overtime release of all the buffer zone. Counter reorganization is waiting for the initial time limit. If the arrival of the survival time than the current counter value increased waiting time, if less than it is not reduced. The maximum time can be counter maximum survival time (approximately 4.25). If set to 15 seconds may be good, of course, with practice, this value may be changes. The value of the options and the size of the buffer zone and the transmission medium, the transmission speed by the counter value equivalent to buffer size.
Definition:
? FO - deviation
? IHL - Internet Baotou length
? MF - many of the markings
? TTL - survival time
? NFB - several of the block
? TL - total length
? TDL - total length of data
? BUFID - marked buffer zone
? RCVBT - of the receiving table -
? TLB - counter threshold
Process:
If the arrival of the data in the data that some or all of the same, the above process will use the latest version of the data.
To mark specific data is reported only provided in paragraph markers. If the data reported have the same source address to address, and labeled the agreement, IP module that they will be the same data reported. Chosen by the sender as any. Send protocol modules need to maintain a marker table, each aims to maintain a list of addresses. However, it marked jurisdictions allow 65,536 different values, and some do not consider the destination host to be able to still reach the sole purpose of marking. High-level agreements can also use markers.
Type of service (TOS) is the choice of network quality of service. Type of service is determined by the parameters of the abstract priority, latency, throughput and reliability of the combination. Some of these parameters and the corresponding actual network service counterparts. What is the delay and what is the definition of such throughput is not more here say.
Survival time set by the sender, network data reported in the longest survival time, overtime would be abandoned if the data reported. Each node in the network will exist in Baotou deal with the survival time. This domain for at least a reduction in the unit is second. Therefore, the longest survival time was 255 seconds. Each module must be dealt with by a TTL, even by the use of time of less than one second as well. Senior reliable connectivity agreement is reportedly based on the original data will not be repeated in a specific time after arrival, TTL is to meet such assumptions exist.
Data reported in the options is optional, but must be in the realization of some. Options have the final say in who is sent each IP module must be able to analysis of each option, each option jurisdictions that have a variety of options. Options may not reach 32 borders, lack of a zero-filled to achieve a multiple of 32.
If the contractor must change recalculated Baotou validation code, code can check to a certain extent in order to stop transmission error. Some applications allow data to the data in the wrong, if the IP emphasis on data accuracy, a similar application also does not become.
IP protocol agreement ICMP error by the report.
3.3. Interface
The interface is functional description, description of a concrete realization of this mechanism because of the different operating systems and different. Different IP achieve a different user interface. But at least a subset of all must be achieved in support. This section will describe the basic subset. IP agreements from top to bottom there are two ports, one for the local network, and the other is for high-level agreements or application, we said after an interface for users. Although IP protocol is Datagram Protocol, for the preservation of state resources (memory) rarely.
Below is a high-level interface Example:
SEND (src, dst, prot, TOS, TTL, BufPTR, len, Id, DF, opt => result)
- On:
Src = Source Address
Dst = purpose Address
Prot = agreement
TOS = types of service
TTL = survival
BufPTR = buffer pointer
Len = length of the buffer zone
Id = marker
DF = subparagraph
Opt = Option Data
Result = response, response and Error OK divided into two;
OK = Send success
Error = parameter error or local network error
Priority and safety parameters in the transmission options.
RECV (BufPTR, prot, => result, src, dst, TOS, len, opt)
- On:
BufPTR = buffer pointer
Prot = agreement
Result = response, response and Error OK divided into two;
OK = Send success
Error parameter error =
Len = length of the buffer zone
Src = Source Address
Dst = target address
TOS = types of service
Opt = Option Data
When users send data timekeeping, the performance of his SEND command. IP module received calls, check the transmission parameters and are prepared to send data. If the legal parameters of the normal reception of the local network and data back to the success. If the parameter is not legitimate, or did not receive local network data back to the unsuccessful. Not successful return to the report, the contents of the report would achieve vary.
When the data reported at IP module, or a RECV call or not. If there were such a call will be transmitted information to the user; If not, notify the user information arrived. If not find the user should be notified and returned to the ICMP errors, discards data. Notify the user can be interrupted by false or similar mechanism, which vary depending on the operating system. Send included in the source address in the call, IP module can check whether the source address is a legitimate address.
Tags: ip
0 Comments to “IP protocol”
No Comments. Send your comment.
Leave a Reply
You must be logged in to post a comment.